The Farmers Of The United States - 1301 Words

Before I entered this class, I took local farmers for granted. I thought all the produce in our supermarkets was from local farmers, and I thought that green markets were just another place to buy produce. This semester has opened my eyes to the issues surrounding the food we eat. Before the 1870’s canning industry, food was not shipped across the United Sates; it was consumed locally. Back then the local farmer’s had a market; with the grit in their teeth, soiled hands and pants, and their backs to the sun, the farmer knew that if they grew a certain amount of food they could take it to market and sell it for a profit. Though farmers could be content, they also knew that from every harvest a portion of crop would spoil before it reached†¦show more content†¦Today, when I walk into a grocery stores such as Shop Rite or Path Mart, the whole store smells like a factory. I noticed what Joan Gussow was talking about when she illustrated that we need to make it a tr end to pay attention to where our food comes from. When I saw products in the super market that were from the Dominican Republic, I thought to myself, these Dominicans work really hard to ship us all these tasty fruits. The life of a farmer must pay well. Most people picture the average Dominican worker on the farm, working the land, and having a cup of coffee while the are watching their little babies run around. The reality of the situation is that Dominican workers are only paid a few dollars a day; their country is starving because they are exporting their resources to other countries, instead of consuming it themselves. Now my eyes are open to how much the food supply has not changed since Gussow wrote, â€Å"A modest proposal†, in 1985. On a positive note, intellectual city dwellers are getting organized and advocating to protect the local farmer by educating the average consumer to keep these farmers in mind before he/she makes their purchase at the grocery store In th is class, I learned a dirty little secret that most people do not know. I learned that small local farmer’s do not retire, which in today’s economy does not make sense. There areShow MoreRelatedDbq 19th Century Farmers1224 Words   |  5 PagesIn the late nineteenth century shortly after the Civil War and Reconstruction, farmers in the Midwestern United States found themselves in quite a predicament. During the second industrial revolution of the United States that contained mass introduction of: railroads, oil, steel, and electricity, the risk-taking entrepreneurs of this era took an adventure into the world of cutthroat capitalism. In just a little time, a handful of monopolies arose in all these industries which hurt both the consumerRead MoreSummary Of Stuffed And Starved By Raj Patel1216 Words   |  5 Pagescompared to Pollan because he is more emotional and forceful in his statements. He has worked for the World Bank, WTO, and the UN, so his social position makes him someone others would want to listen to. Unlike Pollan, Patel goes outside of the United States and takes a global perspective in his writing. Patel talks in the preface about how many more people are undernourished and overweight and he explains that the food system he describes in his book has been engineered to continue to increase hungerRead MorePike Place Market1673 Words   |  7 PagesPike Place Market is a public market overlooking the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle, Washington, United States. The Market opened August 17, 1907, and is one of the oldest continuously operated public farmers markets in the United States. 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According to â€Å"Food Policy: Looking Forward from the Past†, a book written by Arlene Spark and Janel Obenchain, â€Å"An agricultural subsidy is governmental assistance paid to farmers and agribusiness to supplement their incomeRead MoreThe Populist Movement’s Grievances of the 1880s and 1890s 843 Words   |  3 Pagesasking for a national government regulated currency as well. The Populist Party also fought against the harsh taxes that w ere in place at the time in the United States. The biggest concern for many of the Populists was how to handle crop failures and how prices were to be controlled. All in all, the Populist movement was centered on helping out the farmers and improving the ever changing economy. The Coinage Act of 1873 was one of the major reasons why the Populist movement started and began formingRead MoreThe Revolution Of 1800 : The Election Of Thomas Jefferson1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Revolution of 1800† is referred to the election of Thomas Jefferson. His election changed United States history because it marked the first different political party (The Jeffersonians), that came into power. However, the revolution was not revolutionary because government policies did not change when Jefferson was president. For the most part, he kept Hamiltonian policies during presidency, and in forced their philosophies. The Hamiltonians or The Federalists had contracting idea between theRead MoreFarm Subsidies997 Words   |  4 Pagesnot only to the economy, but also by implication to the health of Americans. Subsidies are offered by the USDA to farmers of commodity crops such as corn, wheat, rice, and livestock such as cattle. This makes these types of food cheaper than other, potentially healthier choices such as organic products. Farm subsidies were initially implemented after the Great Depression to help farmers cope with the economic effects after the Depression years. In other words, they were to stimulate the economy afterRead MoreCauses And Reasons Of Shays Rebellion And The Whiskey Rebellion1244 Words   |  5 Pages Following the American Revolution, the American nation and states were faced with enormous amounts of debt. To resolve the economic hardships the new nation had been experiencing, leaders turned to taxation as a source of income to resolve debts. Those who lived in the backco untry, which was isolated from society, were often shocked by the newly imposed taxes and most times resented them. Their resentment in relation to the taxes sparked protests and led to large scale rebellions to express their

Girl, Interrupted - Personality Disorders - 892 Words

Girl, Interrupted - Personality Disorders A Review of the Film Adaptation of the book by Susan Kaysen Brayant Luis Barett Psychology 101 Professor Economopoulos Girl, interrupted is the film adaptation of a book written by Susanna Kaysen. Kaysen conveyed licentious behavior as a teenager and was taken to the Claymore Mental Hospital to be examined. During her stay at Claymore, she became aquatinted with a number of girls she would not have met had it not been for the circumstances in which she was in. Eery day she became closer to the girls, which made their stay a lot more easy. The group consisted of Lisa, â€Å"the criminal,† Daisy, â€Å"daddy’s little girl,† and Torch, â€Å"the sweetie†. Each one of the girls was believed to have psychological problems. From Anorexia, to obsessive compulsive disorders and even homosexuality, each of their cases varied from the next patient. Kaysen was eighteen years old when she was admitted into Claymore. She’s a very smart but very troubled young adult with an urge for new life experiences. She was high school drop out, became emotionally involved with her high sc hool English teacher, and was filled with suicidal thoughts. When she first met with the therapist in charge of her case at Claymore, she expressed a lot of feelings of exhaustion, and a dash of rebellion. In the article â€Å"On The Borderline? Borderline Personality Disorder and Deliberate Self Harm in Literature† Charley Baker, P. Crawford, B. Brown, M. LidsedgeShow MoreRelated Borderline Personality Disorder Explored in Girl Interrupted903 Words   |  4 Pages Girl Interrupted is a 1999 film in which Susanna, a high school senior on the verge of graduating with her class in 1967, is rushed to the Emergency Room because she consumed a whole bottle of Aspirin, followed by a bottle of Vodka. 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Their behavior is similar to that of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder but they are not as consistently withdrawn and bizarre†Read MoreBorderline Personality Disorder in Girl Interrupted by Sussana Keysen1965 Words   |  8 PagesGirl, Interrupted by Borderline Personality Disorder Girl, Interrupted, an autobiography, follows Sussanna Kaysen an eighteen year old girl who finds herself being escorted to a taxi and being sent to McLean Psychiatric Hospital in Massachusetts. 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The main character in â€Å"Girl, Interrupted

An Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity Free Essays

Reciprocity is an underlying principle expressed throughout Aboriginal societies. Outline and Illustrate the Importance of this fundamental concept In the economic, social, spiritual and political spheres of Aboriginal life (refer to reciprocity In the index to Edwards 2005). The word reciprocity’s conjures up a feel good image of ‘caring and sharing’ (Schwab 1995: 8). We will write a custom essay sample on An Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity or any similar topic only for you Order Now However according to Peterson (1 993: 861) there is a darker more sinister side to this word when applied to Indigenous Australians. He defines it as ‘demand sharing’ rather than reciprocity and he states hat Blurter Jones (1 987: 38) labels it tolerated theft. Peterson (1993: 860) goes on to assert that little ‘giving’ Is purely altruistic because the giver might simply be protecting themselves from ‘pay-back† if they do not give, or be expecting some mutual benefit. Edwards (2004:76) espouses that white Australians disregarded the reciprocity of traditional territorial rights and misunderstood the code of mutuality in social relationships. They also failed to identify the privileges and responsibilities central to Aboriginal society based on relationship and reciprocity (Edwards 2004: 24). In order to enter a discussion on reciprocity with regard to our Indigenous culture, It must be looked at on two levels. First how reciprocity Is a central principle that has pervaded Aboriginal societies for millennia and secondly the impact that reciprocity with the Western culture has had on this Indigenous community, since the advent of Colonization. The Western way generally requires the borrower to formulate a case of need, whereas the Aboriginal approach is slanted towards the giver having to explain why he cannot give (Schwab 1 995: 8). However there is an increasing recognition that mutual benefit worked better within the Indigenous community when Aboriginals were hunter gatherers than It seems to In today’s welfare society. Schwab (1995: title page) leans towards this realization in his discussion paper short titled â€Å"The Calculus of Reciprocity†, where one could interpret the meaning of ‘calculus’ to be the study of changed {mathematical}. He outlines an accepted act of generations of give and take, to one that is gradually changing to take’ and either delayed ‘giving back or not at all. In the past the food or other goods ere shared out until they were all gone (Schwab 1995: 3-4) but Increasingly a ‘complex yet subtle calculus Is employed on a dally basis as Individuals decide which expenses (or gifts) require immediate attention and which can be deferred’ (Schwab, 1995: 15). Reciprocity influences the political climate of Aboriginal society, especially the law, which was, is now, and always will be. According to Needing, Davis and Fox (1986: 42) an Elder sums it up when he says the Aboriginal Law never changes, â€Å"always stay same† while conversely, Western law Is â€Å"always changing†. There Is an Interconnectedness of all things, an agelessness which bears witness that spoilt exists now, as it did before and that creation exists as an historical fact and also has present currency and will into the future. In Colonial times, the principle of reciprocity was enigmatic to the Westerners and a constant source of acrimony – politically, legally and culturally. The Aboriginal philosophy of reciprocity encompassed the idea that if the balance of life was disturbed, there must be a ‘corresponding action’ to repair the Imbalance and the status quo must be preserved aboriginal life and this essay will discuss the importance of reciprocity with regard to economic, political, social and spiritual spheres of Aboriginal life, although it is difficult to compartmentalize Aboriginal society due to its complexity, as there is an overlap and interconnectedness in all things. The economy is interwoven with politics, as social life is melded with spirituality. Pre Colonially, the concept of reciprocity had ensured the survival of Indigenous Australian peoples’ lifestyle as a distinct economic style for thousands of years (Sermons, H. 2005: 70). In more recent mimes, colonial interference with its autocratic removal and relocation of key individuals and whole groups resulted in virtually a complete collapse of the traditional Aboriginal economy. As hunting and gathering is no longer possible for city dwellers, the concept of reciprocity becomes even more important, from an economic point of view, due to the nature of extended families all co-habiting in one small dwelling because of mutual obligation or reciprocity. According to Smith (1991) household structure has to stretch to encompass the extra-household fiscal networks it now accommodates. One must consider the concept of reciprocity or mutual benefit to obtain an understanding of domestic expenditure patterns. To better understand the impact of reciprocity on a single family, here is an example from the Lacuna community (Wallpaper people), which is currently representative of many Aboriginal communities (Sheathe, E 2005: 151). This anecdote illustrates how (poor) Aboriginal health is indisputably linked to their economic situation and that reduced eating patterns (feast or famine Schwab 2004: 5) are encouraged by the government welfare system. Elizabeth and David are out shopping for their extended family,4 hen Emily approaches and asks for food explaining her welfare money has run out, she is given quite a large amount of food. Elizabeth explains ‘l like to shop Just before it closes, because there are fewer people here †¦ In the mornings there are too many hungry people waiting for you’ (Sheathe, E 2005: 152). This means Elizabethan family will eat well for a few days and then when the food runs out (earlier than intended because she has given some away) they will have to eat sparingly, or not at all, until the next welfare payment. At the same time David has been approached by Steve to use his gun and ammunition. David is reluctant to give up his gun fearing Steve will damage it, but willingly gives ammunition. David says ‘All the time people want things from you. It is no good. ‘ Later Steve returns and gives David a very small proportion of his ‘kill’ (Sheathe, E 2005: 1 53); this is representative of a refused reciprocation. Stave’s exchange is small because David did not share his gun. In the case of Emily, one can assume that if she has spent her welfare money before 1 1. 5 am on the day she received it, then it is doubtful she will reciprocate Elizabethan ‘gift’ NY time in the future, as Emily has demonstrated she is unable to budget within her own economy. So, while reciprocation might have worked pre-colonization, it can be seen that in the present welfare economy, it is no longer a system of reciprocation, but rather a system of using and abusing one’ s kin because reciprocation is seen as a ‘right’ and seemingly no longer has to be ‘repaid’, however the ‘shame’ involved in not paying back (especially if the person has the means) has not changed (Schwab 2004: 6). The substance abuser, or the drunkard still have to be supported by their kin but hey are an economic threat to the household and possibly provide no means of return of the traditional arrangements of reciprocity while advocating that Indigenous people accept more responsibility so a sound economic base can be rebuilt for Aboriginal Communities. Both Elizabeth and Davit’s self-protectionist attitudes seem to reflect the ‘modern’ interpretation of reciprocity, that it is their kin’s right to take’, while sadly, they conceivably no longer expect them to repay in kind. Therefore the economy of this single household is skewed by having to support the immunity in general, instead of specifically their own family. In the past this would have been balanced out by equal trade-off, from Emily and Steve (or their immediate kin) but now days, due to issues such as alcoholism, homelessness, lack of education and substance abuse, true reciprocity is not as ubiquitous as it once was. A displaced sense of entitlement on the part of the taker’ seems to be replacing the traditional sense of reciprocity and a certain wary counting of the cost seems to be reflected in the ‘giver’s’ calculus where the whole concept seems to be becoming a social burden Schwab 2004: 8). Indeed, Peterson (1993) in his article ‘Demand Sharing: Reciprocity and the Pressure for Generosity among Foragers’ asks the question â€Å"Why is there a positive enjoyment to share if sharing is commonly by taking rather than giving? † (p. 861). When it comes to establishing the economic basis of a family, it becomes very difficult to measure their actual income due to people moving in and out of households, but Western society dictates that families meet eligibility criteria in order to qualify for welfare. The ideology of traditional reciprocity is not taken into account ND Schwab (1995: 16) suggests that politics, or policy makers ‘accommodate rather than contravene’ these monetary instabilities and the ever changing family support arrangements. Western politics or law is generally not taken on board by Aboriginal society, or if it is, it is with reluctance and resentment. With this in mind, Schwab (2004: 2) wrote his discussion paper â€Å"The Calculus of Reciprocity’ to further a ‘better understanding of the principles of reciprocity in contemporary Aboriginal communities’ in the hope that it would better inform government policy makers, at a local, state and national level. There are two sets of politics (law) that the Aboriginal people must abide by. On the one hand there are the Politics and Law of Australia and then there are their own laws and politics as illustrated by The Dreaming, where explicit moral lessons transmit the ideology of didactic human behavior (Schwab 2004: 3). There is outrage in Australia at the suggestion that certain individuals seek to impose elements of Shari law, but we turn a blind eye, or have a lack of understanding of Indigenous people carrying out their version of reciprocity when it comes to breaking their own laws. Some of the punishments imposed by Aboriginal Law include, death, spearing or other forms of corporal punishment (e. G. , burning the hair from the wrongdoer’s body), individual ‘dueling with spears, boomerangs or fighting sticks, shaming, public ridicule, exclusion from the community or total exclusion (Australian Law Reform Commission ND: 1). The code of reciprocity controls the mutual rights and kinship obligations of the individual and encompasses the cultural norm of ‘payback for wrongdoing (Fryer-Smith, S 2002: 2. 18). As well as an understanding that reciprocity means the sharing of tools and food, there is also a oral principle of reciprocity with its negative forms encompassing retribution and revenge (Alkali and Johnson 1999, in Burbank 2006: 7). Burbank (2006: 7) stated that be killed, then reciprocity can be satisfied by the killing of another family member as due to the intricacies of kinship they are considered one and the same. This viewpoint would be considered barbaric in Western culture and would not be tolerated. As Edwards (2004: 73) states, the person who breaks the law must serve the sentence and for another person to pay the penalty would not be Justified or even permitted in Western law. In indigenous land management, the politics of reciprocity (between Western and Indigenous) should involve knowledge and understanding but the white Australian man tries to impose his vastly different practices onto the Aboriginals who have been practicing successful land management for millennia. Disappointingly much of the thousands of years of Indigenous knowledge are often disregarded by Whitefishes’ (Baker, Davies, Young, 2001: 158). To illustrate the disparity of understanding of the principles of reciprocity in Colonial times, Edwards (2004: 73) outlines the anecdote where the Elder showed he settler a waterhole and then considered it a reciprocal action to later kill a sheep for food when the settler used the waterhole to water his flock. This Aboriginal would then be dealt with by the police and the courts and he would be mystified as he could see no Justice in a system such as this where reciprocity did not play a part. In his law, laid down by The Dreaming it would be sanctioned behavior to take the sheep as pay back for food for his clan. Western politics plays a part in the downfall of the concept of reciprocity, firstly by taking away the dignity of Indigenous people ho cannot reciprocate for their welfare payments in any quantifiable way. Secondly because life has so drastically changed for the indigenous people since Colonization, they now find themselves stripped of their place and their land and instead find themselves in the undignified position of being passive welfare recipients. So many have fallen by the wayside and become victims of alcohol and substance abuse due to their once well organized and purposeful life being ripped away. This has made them reliant on their relatives generosity, which leaves them no self-respect and minimal fiscal, physical or emotional resources to pay back with. Therefore the notion of reciprocity as a system of checks and balances to maintain social equilibrium (Bourne and Edwards, 1998, 100, p 106. In Fryer-Smith, S 2002: 2. 18) is stymied for some. Traditionally social stability has been maintained within the Aboriginal society because reciprocity has functioned as a means of equilibrium. Reciprocity has been important throughout all social and family relationships, where a complex system of kinship lines exists. This system relies heavily on the responsible and reciprocal participation of all members from the give-and-take of tools and hunting weapons, to the sharing of food. As one Elder explained: â€Å"Sharing Just a way of life for Aboriginal people, probably in our genes or something. Might be left over from the old days when we were hunters and that .. . All Aboriginal people know what it’s like to be hungry. We Just can’t turn away someone who says he’s hungry †¦ I guess white people have a hard time understanding that one† (Schwab 1991: 145), whereas Western society is built on capitalism, meaning that some of its central values are totally opposed to the tradition view of Aboriginal culture (Richardson J 2006: 144). Moieties subtle and often invisible to some (Schwab 2004: 3). Indigenous societies place emphasis on social identity and the obligations individuals have to conform to the expectations their society has mapped out for them, whereas in Western societies the emphasis is on the individual and the rights and freedoms of that individual and there is no expectation that people will conform (Edwards, 2004: 52 ). Almost any behavior is accepted, as long as their actions do not harm others. Aboriginals believe there is a balance within ourselves that incorporates our social lives and our spiritual lives and to integrate ourselves into the ecology and consciousness of this oral, we need to intertwine these two worlds in our daily existence (Lower 1991 : 49). The requirement of reciprocity underpins most aspects of spiritual life, including ritual, ceremony and the protection of sacred sites (Fryer-Smith, S 2002: 2. 18). If one gives to the ancestor’s by way of ceremony, song, ritual and dance they reciprocate by giving the strength, power and knowledge of the spirits (Lower 1991 P: 48). Likewise if one honors the earth, the earth will reciprocate with an abundant harvest. An Aboriginal had/has a responsibility to perform the rituals that released the creative rowers that abide in the land and if these rituals are not performed, great harm could befall the land. Even today, Aboriginal land management techniques rely on understanding the religious links between the Indigenous peoples and the land (Baker et al 2001: 113). Western society puts its faith in science and technology, while keeping an eye on the weather, to reap the finest harvest. They do not pray or perform religious services to interact with the land. Indigenous people believe the whole environment is formed by The Dreaming, there is a sense that all things partake in the sacredness of life. For millennia, Aboriginal people have co-existed with spiritual beings in their daily life. The essence of spirituality is present throughout the material world and through a cryptic sense of time; Aboriginal People seamlessly connect with the Dreaming origins of their spiritual being (Edwards 2004: 86). Aboriginal religion is bound up in The Dreaming and dictates that responsibility consists of acting in accordance with a few moral principles. For Aboriginal people, being deprived of their land means a â€Å"deprivation of access† to The Dreaming and the severing of a certain life-force which breaks the link with The Dreaming. It is this very real deprivation that has broken the spirit of many an Aboriginal person, leaving them empty and heartsick (Triggering 1988: xv-xvii). Aboriginal people base their claim to ownership of the land on their belief that the spiritual forces which shaped the land also created them and still inhabit this land today (Edwards: 19). Rose (2004: 42) points out that earth is the initial mother, the mother of everything. She goes on to say that all knowledge and all living beings in their diversity are ultimately born of earth. Non-indigenous Australians often countryside the significance of the land to Aboriginal people; however The Aboriginal Land Rights and Native Title movements have increased awareness of this issue. As Rose (1987) says in her article â€Å"Consciousness and Responsibility in an Australian Aboriginal Religion†, if people protect the land by burning, using the country, performing ceremonies to increase the bounty and by protecting the dangerous Dreaming sites so that no harm escapes, the land will repay them by reciprocal relationship that ensures the continuity of life for all involved, the land, humans, animals and the plant life (peg. 262). Partaking in this exchange of life will lead to balance for the land and its inhabitants. DRP. Pollinate in â€Å"Looking after our Spirit† (Pearce, M 2012) states that we have a duty of care to engage in reciprocity with the earth and to ensure that the environment we have inherited is left in the same, if not better condition, than when we got it. This is an ideal philosophy, but unfortunately the greed of many non-indigenous ventures such as mining for minerals and gas in many traditional lands has caused an imbalance and to the eyes of the Indigenous peoples, many landscapes are now out of balance and the aim of cooperation has been pillaged. Non-indigenous ventures plunder the land and they take, but they do not reciprocate by giving anything back, although Western conservation laws are beginning to address this situation. As this essay has demonstrated, reciprocity is an economic means of survival and the Indigenous political system is built on the presumption of reciprocity, while the Australian Judicial system has been influenced by Aboriginal philosophy. Such documents as ‘Aboriginal Customary Laws and Sentencing, Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of ‘Punishment† by the Australian Law Reform Commission, (ND) and the Aboriginal Bench book for Western Australia Courts (2002) by Fryer Smith have been distributed to foster an understanding of the concept of reciprocity that Aboriginal life is founded on. Society is based on complex kinship lines where reciprocity is expected and accepted but is open to exploitation as demonstrated by those abusing the passive welfare system and who no longer honor the traditional social norms. A fulfilling spiritual life revolves around maintaining relations with the Dreaming Spirits. How to cite An Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity, Papers

Ethical Leadership and Employee Involvement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Leadership and Employee Involvement. Answer: Introduction: Under the present economy, change is perceived to be all-pervasive in the organizations. It happens on regular basis and often at rapid pace. It is because change has become a continuous element of the dynamics of organization, employees who have been resisting modification can in true sense cripple an organization. Resistance is a predictable reaction to any sort of key change. Individuals logically rush in defending their status quo if they experience their status is being vulnerable. Change in organization has the ability in generating skepticism within the employees, making it difficult at times in implementing the improvements of the organization (Langley et al., 2013). If the management is unable to understand or accept to work with confrontation, it can destabilize the most well-mentioned change efforts. The ability of any management in achieving the maximum advantages from the change depends in part of the ways it can effectively create and uphold a climate that diminishes behavior of resistant nature and encourages sustainability and acceptance. There is this notion that the resistance of employees can be conquered cognitively suggesting that the negative beliefs about the change subsist. Reasons of Managers Resisting Change: It is not bizarre for the executives in making decisions on a change scheme without taking in the line managers. On the one side, not taking into account the line managers in the stage of planning is stated to be a missed prospect; they are stated to be in the best of positions in providing priceless input on the ways things work and the impact it might have on the planned change. On the other hand, not concerning them upto a very late phase might be sending an indication that their voice is not believed to be significant. The change usually needs to be executed in addition to the usual business. The stretched managers might need to reach a saturation point, resisting the initiative of change that can be the tilt point. Organizational change has a primary impact on the performance of the individuals that generally decreases when people have to study fresh ways of doing things (Hornstein, 2015). Managers feel reluctant of the fact that they would be considered liable for such productivity loss. Many of the managers are of this notion that the initiative of change, if once implemented, would be reducing the impact of their role. In some of the cases, it might lead to failure of their job. There also exists an issue related to the status: an unfavorable change in the title of their job or in their situation in the structure of the organization. Every organization at certain point of time has encountered failure when the change is being implemented. It is not bizarre for the executives in willing for implementation of the flavor of the month in steering away from the path when something new is able to catch their attention or someone new is being appointed in the senior position. Employees Resisting Change: All employees do not react to change with same sort of attitude. However, change has always been seen as something that is constant in nature and here to stay, but some people appear to dig in their heels for resisting it at all costs. Resistance to change might be at times rooted to the fear factor. During the changing periods, some of the employees might feel the urge in clinging to the past as it has been more sheltered, conventional time. If something that they did in the past worked well for them, they might feel the need to resist to that change out of the fear that they would not be able to achieve much if change happens (Kuipers et al., 2014). The routine of the families helps the employees in developing sagacity over the environment of work. Being asked on changing the way they generally operate might make the employees feel incapable and mystified. Employees that have been operating within the conventional routines know the fact that their support system would be backing them up during the times of challenges. Changing of the structures of the organization might shudder their confidence in their support system. They might not worry working for their new supervisor, with the new employees as they are scared if they fail, there would be lack of support for them (Hammer, 2015). Petrom was the biggest producer of oil and gas in the region of South eastern Europe. It indulges in activities like exploration and production, refining of the oil and marketing of the same and being the market leader in Romania. In the year 2004, the company was obtained by another global company by the name of OMV Austria. The company established the situation of the regional centre for the Southeast Europe within the Group of OMV. Organizational Change: The organization thought of bringing in the required changes on the following factors: Formation of new management configuration Activities centralization Setting up of regional centers for the purpose of leadership Closing down of the unprofitable objectives. The company management did had to focus on and take into consideration certain symptoms of resistance like the attitude factor, resigning or accepting of early retirement, signs and distinctions. There were several factors that gave birth to the causes of resistance like the factor of fear, varied assessments, lack of any sort of trust along with lower tolerance to the change factor (Sharif Scandura, 2014). Models of Organizational Change: Most companies make use of at least one of the two management change models which are Mckinsey 7-S Model, Lewins Change Management Model and Kotters 8 Step Change Model. McKinseys 7-S model takes in the factors of the organization like the strategy, shared values, structure, style, systems, staff and skills, offering efficient methods in diagnosing and organizational understanding. It offers guidance to the change within organization. In case of Lewins Change Management Model there are three stages; unfreeze which takes in a period of liquefying initiated through motivation when people make an effort to resist change. In transition phase sufficient leadership and reassurance is obligatory for successful process once change is initiated. In times of refreeze after the change has been established, the company becomes unwavering and the staff refreezes as they function under fresh guidelines. As a sort of ideological control that has been attempting in molding the employees identity, it mainly failed among such workers. As per Hornstein, (2015), a significant empirical finding that might complement the other studies of the control along with domination is the temperament of resistance. Employees are of this perception that the culture and the supervisors who proliferate it as condescending. This is for the fact that employees being delectated as children corrodes the dignity sense along with self-respect. They thereby decline in internalizing this role by clinically disapproving the culture and counterfeiting a counter-identity vis--vis the scripts of membership planned by the company. According to Ybema, Thomas Hardy, (2016), the unpleasant part of the paternalistic management as has been experienced by the employees and attempting in resisting it, has been missed by many of the studies discovering the subject. It is often been illustrated as a system of control that have willingly been embraced by the employees for its nostalgic assessment. In most of the literature that is management focused, control is even optional as a style of viable management because of its empathies with harmony and cooperation. On the methodological memorandum, any evaluation done on control and resistance should not routinely presuppose that if control fails in taking among the employees it is for the resistance factor. Other factors that might be involved in manufacturing the behavior that individuals attribute in dissenting is like the plain bad management. People within the managerial positions face various challenges, however the most complicated is the efficient and smooth management of change. Previous studies have shown that there exist successful change management patterns. Such studies have suggested that change is required, a regular activity and of foreseeable nature that does not have to be randomized and can be well controlled. Conventionally managers have operated under the model of control-dominated instead of participative model. Managers have been tough, pragmatic, and intense on imperatives. Ethics and Change: Resistance to change cannot be evaded during the stages of initiation of change. One of the suspected reasons of the resistance factor is the clash of the values along with ethics. The resistance often takes in both the management and the front line employees. As per the research on the obedience to authority illustrated that there exists certain motivational factors on why people defy to changes based on the desires of individuals in acting accordingly to the accessible ethical principles of the culture of the organization (Zhao et al., 2016). It has also been worth considering the fact that some of the professed threat in the advancement of career along with security can cause the middle management in ignoring the establishment of the ethical considerations. It is therefore essential in providing the instantaneous solutions in resolving the ethical issues during the process of implementation of change for avoiding the misuse of behavioral ethics. In a workplace set up, ethics is considered to be a system of the moral values that classified behavior of acceptable and unacceptable sort that is to be applied in organization. In the procedure of implementing the change, ethics is often overlooked by the management though there have been several stipulations in the manual code of organization, ethics and the ethical culture. The important ethical elements of the persuasion factor that has to do with power, includes the factor of deception. Persuasion is stated to be ethically challenging when one party has political or the informational supremacy over another. Conformity of the immobility runs the menace of being the political submission instead of the balanced appraisal. Implications of Managers during Change: Managers along with the supervisors act as lynchpin in the accomplishment of change scheme. In times during the change, those assigned with the responsibility of being impacted by change can both be a great collaborator and a real blockage for the change leaders (Sonenshein et al., 2013). Managers are generally the closest to the employees requiring adoption of the fresh processes along with the behaviors connected with the project. And in many of the cases the same development impacts their own transformation. Getting the supervisors and managers on board and preparing them to support their teams through the change phase is decisive. Implementation of change management program within organizations engage people at all the levels in designing the strategy of implementation. Leaders need to enthusiastically involve the people who are most exaggerated by the implementation change. This ensures the employees of all levels within the organization embracing the changes that have been proposed. If people are not in the habit of approaching with their tasks, then the organization has the erroneous mindset, and not its people. Change like the new structures along with targets, acquisitions generates environments and new systems that require explanation to the people as soon as possible, for the people to get involved in authorizing and refining the changes attained (Bateh, Castaneda Farah, 2013). If it is possible for the change program of the business to be accustomed, then the company needs to open up its plans with the stakeholder group for consultation. The organizational staff is generally the people who are responsible for working with one particular product or providing the services- whatever might be the case for the organization. If the change is related to any sort of merger or acquisition as in the case study of Acquisition of PETROM by OMV that is beyond the control of the manager, then it becomes best in ensuring that the stakeholders or the staff should not be feel debarred from the process of change. One of the biggest challenges with the process of change management is the form of motivation. Not all changes are stated to be beneficial- incidences of mergers and acquisitions generally create an unmotivated working environment within the business. It needs to be ensured through good management programs that the organizational management needs to find a way of connecting its staff and offering motivation to the staffs in contributing efficiently to the business. It is also important in managing the workload during change if related to technology. As one of the managers in the situation of change, it is important being mindful if the management is focusing on changing the way the staff has been operating, at times they might be less effective than they actually were due to change. Conclusion: It can be concluded that change management is something that tales longer period of time in settling down into the organizational system. It is not an easy process but an effective one, mainly if it would benefit the organization. It is not always a smooth ride during the change management process; however it is upto the managers in implementing the effective change management program to ensure everything remains intact and nothing goes out of their control. Reference: Bateh, J., Castaneda, M. E., Farah, J. E. (2013). 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